Analysis Critical Perspectives: Media Notes: Youth -

Critical Perspectives: Youth - 

Definitions:

• Hegemony: The values of one social group being enforced upon another.
• Mediation: Intervention in a dispute in order to resolve it (influenced by social, economic, political and other factors).
• Representation: The description or portrayal of someone or something in a particular way by the mass media. 
• Collective Identity: A social group who shares a set of norms and values. 
• Structuration: The process in which human agency, people, and social structure, society, are in a constant relationship. The social structure is reproduced by the repetition of acts by individuals which means that society is flexible and can change over time.

Examples:

• Hegemony: Rupert Murdoch owned newspapers enforcing biased political beliefs. Altering the media to ensure it agrees with their personal beliefs/ a vested interest. 
• Mediation: Political policies, Theresa May's new grammar school policy. 
• Representation: Fold devils of Islamic culture post 9/11.

Collective Identity Material - 

Contemporary:

• Attack the Block (2011)
• Fish Tank (2009)
• The Perks of Being Wallflower (2012)
• Inbetweeners
• Misfits
• Skins
• Fresh Meat
• Bad Education
• Waterloo Road

Historical:

• To Sir With Love (1967)
• The Young Ones (1961)
• Quadrophenia (1979)
• Rebel without a Cause (1956)
• The Breakfast Club (1985)
• Mean Girls (2004)
• Wild Child (2008)

The Independent: Media Demonising Youth - 

Key Points:

• More than half of the stories about teenage boys in national and regional newspapers in the past year (4,374 out of 8,629) were about crime.
• The research – commissioned by Women in Journalism – showed the best chance a teenager had of receiving sympathetic coverage was if they died."We found some news coverage where teen boys were described in glowing terms – 'model student', 'angel', 'altar boy' or 'every mother's perfect son'," the research concluded, "but sadly these were reserved for teenage boys who met a violent and untimely death."
• The word most commonly used to describe them was "yobs" (591 times), followed by "thugs" (254 times), "sick" (119 times) and "feral" (96 times).

Theoretical Approaches: Levels - 

Representation:

• Giroux (1997):  Giroux argues that in media representations youth becomes an ‘empty category’. This is because media representations of young people are constructed by adults. Because of this they reflect adults concerns, anxieties, and needs. As a result of this media representations of young people do not necessarily reflect the reality of youth identity.

• Acland (1995):  I’m interested in the effects of media representations of delinquent youth. Developed the concept of the ideology of protection. Thinks the media representations of anti-scoail youth reinforces hegemony.

• Hebdige (1979):  A subculture is a group of like minded individuals who feel neglected by societal standards and who develop a sense of identity which differs to the dominant on to which they belong. Youth as fun and or trouble. Youth subcultures resist hegemony through style.  Hebdige said that subcultures use style to represent their resistance to the dominant ideologies of a corrupt society. They take symbols like the smart clothes or mopeds (Quadrophenia) and modify or customise them to show their alternative values.

Effects of Representation:

• Gerbner (1986): Cultivation theory;  "The primary proposition of cultivation theory states that the more time people spend 'living' in the television world, the more likely they are to believe social reality portrayed on television." Also stated " You know, who tells the stories of a culture really governs human behavior. It used to be the parent, the school, the church, the community. Now it's a handful of global conglomerates that have nothing to tell, but a great deal to sell". He studied the effect of television on people’s perception of crime. He found that people who watched a lot of television tended to overestimate the levels of crime. He called this ‘mean world syndrome’.

• Gauntlett: Media has influence on how people interpret identities. 

Role of Representations on Society:

• Gramsci (1920s-30s): Coined the term Hegemony; a way of the ruling people keeping control of the proletariat. 

• Cohen (1972): Youth subculture, sensationalisation, folk devils and moral panic. Media representations of youth reinforce hegemony (agree with Acland). Three elements of media reporting: 1. Exaggeration and Distortion 2. Predicition and 3. Symbolisation. 

• Althusser: Ideological state apparatus; dominant ideology reinforced through different groups such as the media. Althusser divides social institutions into two categories: 1. The Repressive State Apparatus (functions through violence either potential or actual) and 2. The Ideological State Apparatus (functions through ideology such as family, religion, education, law, political parties, trade unions, he arts, mass media). 

• Gould (1999): Media stereotypes of youth involve being: rebellious, an artificial tribe, sexual, nihilistic, violent and self-destructive.

• Wilkins: A spiral of lacking tolerance, more acts of those groups being defined as crimes, action against the groups, alienation of deviant subcultures, more crime committed by stereotyped group which results in less tolerance of these groups by the hegemonic conforming masses who share the bourgeoisies norms and values.  

Other Theorists: 

• Philo: Argues that contemporary ‘hoodie cinema’ reflects middle class anxiety about the threat to their dominance posed by the working class.

• McRobbie: Suggests that contemporary British TV often contains ‘symbolic violence’ against the working class. For example, representations which emphasise middle class dominance and depict the working class in negative ways.

Textual Media Examples - 

This exemplifies the idea of youth as rebellious and nihilistic in an anarchic manner of rebelling against the hegemonic state. 

This article exemplifies youth in various manners; this article is more sympathetic in that gives reasons for rebellion against the state due to socialisation. 

This displays youth as sexual, as according to Ann Gould's theory on youth subculture, in which young people are ruled by more animalistic traits when compared to adults of a shared society ruled by norms and values variant from the subculture of youth which conforms to Albert Cohen's theory.

The Perks of Being a Wallflower Examplar - 

• America
• Gould: Artificial Tribes of Youth: jocks, indie/ rock kids, won't turn down the music, "welcome to the island of misfit toys". 
• Gould: Youth as violent: the boyfriend hitting his girlfriend mid fight, Derek and Candice. 
• Hebdige: Youth as fun: the crazy dancing at the school disco. 
• Gould: Youth as self-destructive and rebellious: having parties with underage alcohol and drugs. 
• Gould: Youth as nihilistic: main characters friend committed suicide. 
• Gould: Youth as sexual: Brad and Patrick together at the party. 
• Hebdige: Youth as fun: the tunnel scene.
• Hebdige: Youth as troublesome: eating pot brownies. 

Bullet Boy Exemplar - 
(The hegemonic mediation of working classes; the owners of the media are middle to upper classes and enforce their biased perceptions on the masses) (Ideological state apparatus is groups that allow for the enforcement of hegemony values: institutions such as education, peers, religion etc)

• BBC Films and UK Film Festival
• London
• Cohen: Youth as rebellious: was in prison but got released. 
• Cohen: Youth subcultures, moral panic, folk devils, scapegoats: young black male in hoodie arrested and released not charged with any crime. 
• Philo: Hoodie Cinema: youth as working class troublesome hoodies. 
• Gould: Youth as nihilistic and rebellious: smoking cigarettes.
• Gould: Youth as an artificial tribe: specific subculture with a different lexicon/ socialect "aight", "blud", "innit". 
• Gould: Youth as sexual: the characters kissing and undressing before having sex. 
• Hebdige: Youth as troublesome: the characters friend pretends to shoot him with an empty gun. 
• Gould: Youth as violent: the character shoots the dog of the person who was cussing him. 
• Hebdige: Youth as fun: ice-skating and playing like children. 
• Althusser: Ideological state apparatus: peers (girlfriend, mum, minister step father) convincing him to not get involved in crime or other such behaviour. Repressive state apparatus, threat of violence either potential or actual, in reference to warnings from his probation officer.

Analysis Critical Perspectives: Media Essay: Youth -

Critical Perspectives Essay: Youth - 

• Do media representations of youth reflect societies perceptions and concerns?

Society is the pinnacle of the confirmative masses norms and values held within the traditions of culture; the collective identity of youth conform not to the main ideologies but instead to that of their own subculture, as coined by Cohen, of varied principles to the wider society. Such is the process of structuration that the constant relationship between social structure and human agency is flexible and liable to change if the masses norms and value change. Youth as a deviant culture of human agency bend and flex the rules of society perhaps before they are willing to change.

Newspaper: Old (London Riots 2011)

Film/ TV: New

Film/ TV: Old (Fresh Meat 2011-2016, Inbetweeners 2008)

Conclusion

Analysis Generic Theory: Media Notes: All

Generic Theory - 

Definitions:

• Representation: The description or portrayal of someone or something in a particular way.
• Hegemony: The values of one social group being enforced upon another.
• Mediation: Intervention in a dispute in order to resolve it.
• Identity: Who a person believes they are.
• Collective Identity: A social group who shares a set of norms and values.
• Structuration:  Structuration is the process in which human agency, people, and social structure, society, are in a constant relationship. The social structure is reproduced by the repetition of acts by individuals which means that society is flexible and can change over time. 

Representation:

The working classes are stereotypically mediated as a group who are on "chavs", have many children with many different people, don't work and live off of the system.

The working class social group have the ability to unite in their collective identity due to shared norms and values around family attitudes, hard work and other such ideologies. 

Mediation:

                                         

The notion of the underclass is that it is working class people without jobs who used the riots as a means to steal, vandalise and behave violently. 

Collective Identity:

                                            

The above text is an example of the supposed "working class" chav subculture collective identity. Representation of working classes in the media may lead to a deviancy amplification spiral in which the identity becomes adopted by the masses of the social group due to the mediation of the subject. The collective identity of the working classes is hugely separate to music genre, clothing style and attitude to authorities etc but the chav subculture is forced upon all working classes as a stereotype by the media. 

Collective Identity Self-Constructions:

Collective identity can also be self-constructed by the social group on social networking sites or in social situations; these identity ideas can be positive or negative.

                                       

For instance, far right liberal social groups have gained a large gathering of support from the working class young collective identity in both America and Britain in support of Jeremy Corbyn and Bernie Sanders. This has even inspired the generation to produce their own examples of parody accounts for important public figures such as the tweets pictured above; these are instances of #corbynfever. 

Structuation:

                                           

"Hairspray" was set in the early 60s and displayed the attitudes surrounding the segregation of black and white citizens in America. The film also follows the human rights movement in which people peacefully rioted against the segregation. 

Important Theories - 

David Buckingham: (1987)

• "A focus on identity requires us to pay closer attention to the ways in which media and technologies are used in everyday life and heir consequences for social groups."

David Gauntlett: (2002)

• Identity is consciously constructed and the media provides some of the tools needed for this presentation of collective identity. The media coveys messages which encourage a series of messages about appropriate identity and lifestyle choices. Although, the public have their own diverse set off feelings. Neither feeling is more powerful than the other. 

I interpret this as the idea that the media has encoded messages which can be understood and decoded differently by various members of an active audience. The audience are not passive simply accepting their daily dose of the media via hypodermic syringe but are instead able to challenge and conform. Neither is more powerful than the other. 

Stuart Hall: (1980)

• Encoding is the message the producer has given the text.
• Decoding is the way in which the audience can interpret it themselves as an active audience. 

Anthony Giddens: 

• There is a social structure which shapes our lives such as traditions, institutions, moral codes and unwritten social rules but this relies on the system being followed. 
• Structuration is the process in which human agency, people, and social structure, society, are in a constant relationship. The social structure is reproduced by the repetition of acts by individuals which means that society is flexible and can change over time. 
• "Society only has form, and that form only has effects on people, in so far as structure is produced and reproduced in what people do". 

Paul Lazarfelds et al: (1944 and 1955)

• The two step flow theory is a communication model that hypothesises ideas of flow from mass media to opinion leaders, and from them to a wider population.

Analysis Critical Perspectives: Media Essay: Islam -

Critical Perspectives Essay: Islam - 

• The post 9/11 mediation of Islam is biased and unfair to what extent do you agree with this statement. 

The mass media is an important institute of secondary socialisation within society and its mediation of matters and can directly influence the masses interpretation of a collective identity; this process is called hegemony and is when the values of one dominant group is forced upon a submissive social group. A collective identity, these can be portrayed positively or negatively by the media, is a social group which share norms and values as a result of religion, class, gender, age, ethnicity and so on. Unfortunately, mediation, which is the intervention into an ideology to resolve it, of such collective identities is not always positive, as is often a subject of discussion when it comes to the reporting of Islam in the mass media specifically post 9/11.

The collective identity of Islam is one based off of shared norms, values and principles around beliefs in religion. The six main values of the Muslim community is the belief in Allah as the one and only God, belief in angels, belief in the holy books, belief in the Prophets, belief in the Day of Judgment and the belief in Predestination. These beliefs are of a peaceful religion that is too often seen as deviant from the Christian norm of western countries. Although, globally Christianity is the largest religion held by 31% of the population Islam is only shortly behind at 23%. Despite this, the theory of Orientalism in media as coined by Said is that the representation and understanding of Islam is that they are uncivilised and coordinated to be violent, their socialisation process is inferior and that generally their lives are of lesser value than their western counterparts. This conforms to Head’s 2014 investigation into Islamphobia being reported in 8 manners; one being that they are seen as “violent, aggressive, threatening, supporting of terrorism and engaged in a clash of civilisations”.

Analysis Critical Perspectives: Media Notes: Islam -

Critical Perspectives: Islam - 

Definitions:

• Hegemony: The values of one social group being enforced upon another.
• Mediation: Intervention in a dispute in order to resolve it (influenced by social, economic, political and other factors).
• Representation: The description or portrayal of someone or something in a particular way by the mass media. 
• Collective Identity: A social group who shares a set of norms and values. 
• Orientalism (Edward Said): A way of seeing that exaggerates and or distorts differences of people from the orient cultures to that of Europe and the USA. Oriental people are assumed to be exotic, backward, uncivilised and possibly dangerous. 
• Demonisation: The process of making someone or something the demon/ villain of a story or situation. 
• Hypodermic Syringe Model: Passive audiences receive daily does of media controlling their perspectives.
• Decoding Approach: Active audiences can decode their own messages from the media.
  Uses and Gratification Approach: Active audiences use the media for their own needs which include: Entertainment, Information, Socialisation, Identity.
• Monolithic: Large and slow to change.
• Bloc: A group of countries or political parties with common interests who have formed an alliance.
• Encoding: The intended message.
• Decoding: The message that can be inferred. 

Examples:

• Hegemony: Rupert Murdoch owned newspapers enforcing biased political beliefs. Altering the media to ensure it agrees with their personal beliefs/ a vested interest. 
• Mediation: Political policies, Theresa May's new grammar school policy. 
• Representation: Fold devils of Islamic culture post 9/11.

Notes - 

Orientalism: Edward Said:

• A society in which Muslim lives are apparently not as important as lives of other Europeans, Americans (The Occident).
• Sees Muslims as uncivilized and inherently violent.
• Societies in West are being socialized believing that Islam is inferior, savage and irrational system of beliefs, with extremist followers more then ready to kill in the name of their God. 
• Post-colonialism explains demonization of Islam with concepts of orientalism, imperialism and (neo)colonialism. 
• West needed justification for subordination of East, thus depictions of Orient as inferior, undeveloped and uncivilised. 
• These inaccurate and Eurocentric cultural representations have persisted and developed into stereotypes we are very familiar with today and represent an important foundation of current conflicts in western societies as well as around the world. 
• Demonisation of Islam serves the imperialistic ambitions of political elites in West, which act on behalf of capitalist greed and multinational businesses.

Runnymede Trust Commission on British Muslims and Islamphobia: Head 2014:

The report identified eight patterns of behaviour that characterise Islamophobic attitudes: 

• “Islam is seen as a monolithic bloc, static and unresponsive to change.” 
• “It is seen as a separate ‘other’. It does not have values in common with other cultures, is not affected by them and does not influence them. 
• “It is seen as inferior to the west. It is seen as barbaric, irrational, primitive, and sexist.” 
• “It is seen as violent, aggressive, threatening, supporting of terrorism, and engaged in a clash of civilisations.” 
• “It is seen as a political ideology, used for political or military advantage.” 
• “Criticisms made of ‘the west’ by Muslims are rejected out of hand.” 
• “Hostility towards Islam is used to justify discriminatory practices towards Muslims and exclusion of Muslims from mainstream society.” 
• “Anti- Muslim hostility is seen as natural and normal”.

Laws on Burkhinis and Islam Clothing:

• Dutch "Burqa Ban" now employed in France and Belgium.
• 2016 Burkhini removal on French beach.

Other:

• Nigerian Muslim converts who killed military Lee Rigby. 
• http://harvardpolitics.com/world/portrayals-violence-abroad-dehumanization-home/

The Sun Representation - 

The favoured UK newspaper, which plays a large role in hegemony of the people via the hypodermic syringe model, holds biased views that are in kinship to the ideologies of "Orinetalism" as theorised by Edward Said. These views present Muslim people as possibly dangerous due to their "sympathies" with a terrorist group. The Muslim people belong to a collective identity due to their culture although Islam is significantly different from terrorist organisations such as the Jihadi's. This newspaper is trying to create a moral panic by using the public's manipulated answers to demonise fellow Muslims. For instance, the questions themselves fail to mention the terrorist organisation of the "Jihadi's" featured in the headline; the questions were deliberately ambiguous to mislead the misconstrue the inserts to the mass public who then form an opinion the same as that of the newspaper due to their position as a passive audience. Additionally, the word "fighters" could be an organisation against terrorist groups but this is not even addressed within the newspaper article. Furthermore, the statistics were rounded up to make a more impacting headline to influence the people. Additionally, the meaning of the word sympathy could have been interpreted differently by each individual involved in the phone interview and therefore the idea of sympathy for fighters could vary hugely. To further this,  whilst the statistics for Muslims were 1 in 5 the same test was conducted with non-Muslims who showed sympathy 1 in 7 times. The mediation of this newspaper was sensationalised to express a specific viewpoint that matched the bias of the newspaper owner. 

Media Interpretation/ Representation of Islam - 

Muslim Women in Media - 

Charlie Hebdo - 

These images are extremely offensive, even though they are considered satire, due to their nature of going beyond dark humour and simply being disgusting in what they believe is entertainment. The original photograph of the drowned child refugee, Aylan Kurdi, off the coast of Greece was allowed on newspapers because it served as a potent reminder of the ever occurring issue of deaths caused by unsafe journey's to Europe as a result of the difficulties of home countries. The satire is lost and becomes instead an insult to refugees through the photograph of a dead child who died trying to reach Greece and therefore safety. However, the only justification that I can give this image is the subtle criticism of the western world in its unsympathetic cause, simply watching on as people struggle for their lives thinking little more than about our capitalist society and what we shall have for lunch or how we can save money. Furthermore, the Charlie Hebdo company was later attacked after a cartoon about the Prophet Muhammad. 

The second image, the translation being "Proof that Europe is Christian", "Christians walk on water - Muslim children drown".  This one appears less directly critical of the West's handling of the refugee crisis and instead from even more of a racist standpoint. This image is difficult because it appears to be placing one religion against another culture and therefore more implicitly saying that the Christian religion, much like the medieval ideas, is considered superior and the one true religion compared to Islam. The encoded message may have been a political statement about the handling of refugees but it can more easily be decoded as racism and Islamphobia which is evidenced by the protests of the public in response to these cartoons; any attempted mediation by the company was lost and, if not intended to be, appears anti-Muslim. This could be linked to Edward Said's theory of Orientalism where the need to assert Western values over others has led to depictions of the Asian countries and people as less developed or even as uncivilised and able to understand the norms and values of another culture. 

The Mediation of Islam

http://harvardpolitics.com/world/portrayals-violence-abroad-dehumanization-home/

The issues of media is that mediation in subjects is often one sided and biased; the few media owners decided which information they wish to pass on to the masses so that they can instead remains to inject them directly with a hypodermic syringe of their own morals to create a society that are practically clones. However, some of the masses can take matters into their own hands, with access to the internet, more information can be shared freely. The Charlie Hebdo attack was widely published as international news, the attack was considered a terrorist attack and many vigils and campaigns took place soon after; one of these being the "Je Suis Charlie" campaign. However, the reporting of the death of three young Muslims in a white terror attack was kept quite by a media which did not want their belief systems challenged. Most owners of the media are white middle to upper class males and therefore would not want information condemning their collective identity shared whilst that is intact what they do with every other social group within society. 

However, the only justification for the covering of these attacks could be the death count. The Charlie Hebdo attack resulted in 12 casualties whilst the Chapel Hill attack resulted in 3. Once again, though this brings about the question of the value of Muslim lives matter, Black lives matter and other ethnic minority groups. Campaigns such as #blacklivesmatter and #muslimlivesmatter have been vital in bringing a new discussion of otherwise unreported media events as it is a media institute of the masses rather than the few. 

Islam Post 9/11 - 

Facts:

• As of 2010, Christianity was by far the world's largest religion, with an estimated 2.2 billion adherents, nearly a third (31%) of all 6.9 billion people on Earth. 
• Islam was second, with 1.6 billion adherents, or 23% of the global population.

Muslims Have Six Main Beliefs:

• Belief in Allah as the one and only God
• Belief in angels
• Belief in the holy books
• Belief in the Prophets
• Belief in the Day of Judgment
• Belief in Predestination

Dr Chris Allen Research:

• 4% of the British public claim that they know 'nothing or next to nothing about Islam’ 
• 64% of the British public claim that what they do know is ‘acquired through the media’
• Research from 2006 suggests that the press coverage relating to Muslims and Islam in British National newspapers had increased by approximately 270% over preceding decade 
• 91% of that coverage was deemed negative 
• 84% of press coverage represented Islam and Muslims either as ‘likely to cause damage or danger’ or as ‘operating in a time of intense difficulty or danger’

Analysis Critical Perspectives: Media Essay: Collective Identity -

Critical Perspectives Essay: Youth - 

• Highlight what collective identity is and distinguish between collective identity and representation.
• Why is mediation important with regards to representation?
• In what way does hegemony influence mediation?

Within society it is important to have a form of identification and a place to belong. Institutes of socialisation all help in forming this identity; some such institutions includes peers but also significantly the mass media. Collective identity is an important form of self-identification of social groups influenced by their shared norms and values which is different from representation that is defined by the media biased stereotypical ideas of a social group. Mediation is an intervention in a dispute in order to resolve it which the mass media is often strongly involved in, especially within political matters. However, the danger of the power of the mass media is that it is an important cause of hegemony within society. Hegemony is when the norms ad values of one social group is forced on to another social group. 

The above newspaper articles are perfect examples of youth representation within the media. The Sun is a right wing newspaper owned by the media conglomerate giant Rupert Murdoch with affiliations to the Conservative party and therefore such perspectives. The second newspaper, The Daily Mirror, is a left wing working class tabloid who rally support for the Labour party.  


The Sun employs a text to image ratio of around 1:2 with the image of the violent youth taking precedence over the newspaper; this conforms to Ann Gould's theory of youth as violent due to the hidden identity and fire raging in the background. Furthermore, the graphological feature of the typeface "ANARCHY" being both capitalised and an enlarged font causes moral panic, as coined by Albert Cohen, due to the prominence of the word meaning a state of disorder without recognition of the controlling authorities. Additionally, the pre-modifying adjective of "MINDLESS" before the word "VIOLENCE" emphasises the assumption of all youth subculture to be sharing the norms and values of those at the riots who were not necessarily there for the political purpose; this is the false representation within the media. Moreover, the use of the colour red in the sub heading links to the colour of the flame and draws viewer attention to the statements that criticise youth subculture. This particular newspapers outlook on the situation is critical and therefore its mediation is one from a perspective social order as opposed to the actions of the few youth which is an example of disorder. Finally on the subject of The Sun, hegemony is evidenced in this headline due to the bullet point "PM  jets back" which presents the Conservative prime minister in a heroic position but also shows the readerships class status due to the lexicon used; the word "jets" compared to the more working class newspaper, The Daily Mirror's "flies". Furthermore, the societal class position of the readership of this newspaper is also evidenced through the language used such as "ANARCHY" compared to the colloquial slang of "YOB" and therefore the norms and values of the media owner is shared through mediation on the subject of the riots.

On the other hand, The Daily Mirror is a working class tabloid newspaper with a readership from a lower societal position than The Sun. The text to image ratio is not that different from the other featured newspaper although the image is more documentary in style rather than focusing solely on the youth representation. This however contrasts to the head word of the head line "YOB" which means a rude, cosy and aggressive youth; this temporal context was over-reported on in the newspapers which placed youth as the folk devils of the event which lead to a public moral panic about youth as anarchic beings separate from the norms and values of wider society. Additionally, the lexis used is more informal such as the word "Cops" rather than police. From this perspective, this newspaper is subtly less critical of the featured youth by not relying on the image of a stereotypical deviant youth. This may be due to biased understanding that the youth who were preset during the riots were more likely to be of a working class. 

Therefore, both newspapers are critical of youth and influence the masses somewhat with their statements. The Hypodermic Syringe Model states that a passive audiences is injected with daily doses of media that complete influence their norms and values which therefore supports the ideas of hegemony. However, the other two approaches of The Decoding Approach and The Uses and Gratifications Approach challenge this. The Decoding Approach states that active audiences are able to decode their own messages from a media source whilst The Uses and Gratifications Approach explains that active audiences use the media to fulfil their own needs; these needs include: entertainment, information, identity and relationships. 

Analysis Critical Perspectives: Media Notes: Collective Identity -

Critical Perspectives: Youth - 

Definitions:

• Hegemony: The values of one social group being enforced upon another.
• Mediation: Intervention in a dispute in order to resolve it (influenced by social, economic, political and other factors).
• Representation: The description or portrayal of someone or something in a particular way by the mass media. 
• Collective Identity: A social group who shares a set of norms and values. 

Examples:

• Hegemony: Rupert Murdoch owned newspapers enforcing biased political beliefs. Altering the media to ensure it agrees with their personal beliefs/ a vested interest. 
• Mediation: Political policies, Theresa May's new grammar school policy. 
• Representation: Fold devils of Islamic culture post 9/11.

My Interpretation of Youth - 

Fun social group activities.

Stress of exams and pressure of expectations.

Giving a voice and being supportive of all social groups.

Taking relief in forms of art such as music that influences our sense of style, friendship groups and beliefs. 

Media Interpretation/ Representation of Youth - 

They political affiliation as a right wing newspaper has influenced the reporting of youth. The text to image ratio is more significant from the perspective of the image of rebellion thus linking to Ann Gould's theory of youth subculture as violent. They paint the conservative Prime minister as the hero of the story. Use of pre-modifying adjective "MINDLESS" 

The use of the lexis "YOB" paints all youth as criminals and violence thus conforming to Albert Cohen's media over reporting, folk devils and therefore, consequently, moral panic.